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9. Contact - got a question about Cadmium, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your Cadmium, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.

{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=106 | sym=Cd| na=1.25% | hl=[1 E19 s | dm=[double electron capture | de=- | pn=106 | ps=[palladium --> {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=107 | sym=Cd| na=[synthetic radioisotope | hl=[1 E5 s | dm=[electron capture | de=1.417 | pn=107 | ps=[silver --> {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=108 | sym=Cd| na=0.89% | hl=[1 E19 s | dm=[double electron capture | de=- | pn=108 | ps=[palladium --> {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=109 | sym=Cd| na=[synthetic radioisotope | hl=[1 E7 s | dm=[electron capture | de=0.214 | pn=109 | ps=[silver --> {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=113 | sym=Cd| na=12.22% | hl=[1 E19 s | dm=[beta decay | de=0.316 | pn=113 | ps=[indium --> {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=113nuclear isomer | sym=Cd| na=[synthetic radioisotope | hl=[1 E8 s | dm1=[beta decay | de1=0.580 | pn1=113 | ps1=[indium | dm2=[isomeric transition | de2=0.264 | pn2=113 | ps2=Cd --> {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=114 | sym=Cd| na=28.73% | hl=[1 E19 s | dm=[double beta decay | de=- | pn=114 | ps=[tin --> {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=115 | sym=Cd| na=[synthetic radioisotope | hl=[1 E5 s | dm=[beta decay | de=1.446 | pn=115 | ps=[indium -->

Cadmium (International Phonetic Alphabet: ) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. A relatively rare, soft, bluish-white, transition metal, cadmium is known to cause cancer and occurs with zinc ores. Cadmium is used largely in batteries and pigments, for example in plastic products.

Extraction Cadmium is a common impurity in zinc, and it is most often isolated during the production of zinc. Zinc sulfide ores are roasted in the presence of oxygen converting the zinc sulfide to the oxide. Zinc metal is produced either by smelting the oxide with carbon or by electrolysis in sulfuric acid. Cadmium is isolated from the zinc metal by vacuum distillation if the zinc is smelted, or cadmium sulfate is precipitated out of the electrolysis solution. Cadmium at WebElements.com

Notable characteristics Cadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, toxic, bluish-white bivalent metal. It is similar in many respects to zinc but reacts to form more complex compounds.

The most common oxidation state of cadmium is +2, though rare examples of +1 can be found.

Applications About three-quarters of cadmium is used in Battery (electricity) (especially nickel-cadmium battery batteries) and most of the remaining quarter is used mainly for Cadmium pigments, coatings and plating, and as stabilizers for plastics. Other uses include:

See also :Category:Cadmium compounds.

History Cadmium (Latin cadmia, Greek language καδμεία meaning "calamine", a Cadmium-bearing mixture of minerals, which was named after the Greek god, Κάδμος (Cadmus)) was discovery of the chemical elements in Germany in 1817 by Friedrich Strohmeyer. Strohmeyer found the new element within an impurity in zinc carbonate (calamine) and for 100 years Germany remained the only important producer of the metal. The metal was named after the Latin word for calamine since the metal was found in this zinc compound. Strohmeyer noted that some impure samples of calamine changed color when heated but pure calamine did not.

Even though cadmium and its compounds are highly toxic, the British Pharmaceutical Codex from 1907 states that cadmium iodide was used as a medicine to treat "enlarged joints, scrofulous glands, and chilblains".

In 1927, the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures redefined the metre in terms of a red cadmium spectral line (1m = 1,553,164.13 wavelengths). This definition has since been changed (see krypton).

Occurrence In 2005, China was the top producer of cadmium with almost one-sixth world share closely followed by South Korea and Japan, reports the British Geological Survey.

Cadmium-containing ores are rare and when found they occur in small quantities. Greenockite (Cdsulfur), the only cadmium mineral of importance, is nearly always associated with sphalerite (zincS). Consequently, cadmium is produced mainly as a byproduct from mining, smelting, and refining sulfide ores of zinc, and to a lesser degree, lead and copper. Small amounts of cadmium, about 10% of consumption, are produced from secondary sources, mainly from dust generated by recycling iron and steel scrap. Production in the United States began in 1907 but it was not until after World War I that cadmium came into wide use.

See also :Category:Cadmium minerals. A role of cadmium in biology has been recently discovered. A cadmium-dependent carbonic anhydrase has been found in marine diatoms. Cadmium does the same job as zinc in other anhydrases, but the diatoms live in environments with very low zinc concentrations, thus biology has taken cadmium rather than zinc, and made it work. The discovery was made using x-ray absorption fluoresence spectroscopy (XAFS), and cadmium was characterised by noting the energy of the x-rays which were absorbed.

cadmium metal vapor laser. The highly monochromatic color arises from the 441.563 nm transition spectral line of cadmium.Naturally occurring cadmium is composed of 8 isotopes. For two of them, natural radioactivity was observed, and three others are predicted to be radioactive but their decays were never observed, due to extremely long half-life times. The two natural radioactive isotopes are 113Cd (beta decay, half-life is 7.7 × 1015 years) and 116Cd (two-neutrino double beta decay, half-life is 2.9 × 1019 years). The other three are 106Cd, 108Cd (double electron capture), and 114Cd (double beta decay); only lower limits on their half-life times have been set. At least three isotopes - 110Cd, 111Cd, and 112Cd - are absolutely stable. Among the isotopes absent in the natural cadmium, the most long-lived are 109Cd with a half-life of 462.6 days, and 115Cd with a half-life of 53.46 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2.5 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 5 minutes. This element also has 8 known meta states with the most stable being 113mCd (t½ 14.1 years), 115mCd (t½ 44.6 days) and 117mCd (t½ 3.36 hours).

The known isotopes of cadmium range in atomic mass from 94.950 atomic mass unit (95Cd) to 131.946 u (132Cd). The primary decay mode before the second most abundant stable isotope, 112Cd, is electron capture and the primary modes after are beta emission and electron capture. The primary decay product before 112Cd is element 47 (silver) and the primary product after is element 49 (indium).

Toxicity Cadmium is an occupational hazard associated with industrial processes such as metal plating and the production of nickel-cadmium batteries, pigments, plastics and other synthetics. The primary route of exposure in industrial settings is inhalation. Inhalation of cadmium-containing fumes can result initially in metal fume fever but may progress to chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, and death. Principles and Methods of Toxicology (fourth edition). A. Wallace Hayes. Taylor and Francis Publishing Inc.; Philadelphia, 2001.

Cadmium is also a potential environmental hazard. Human exposures to environmental cadmium are primarily the result of the burning of fossil fuels and municipal wastes. EPA summary on cadmium However, there have been notable instances of toxicity as the result of long-term exposure to cadmium in contaminated food and water. In the decades following World War II, Japanese mining operations contaminated the Jinzu River with cadmium and traces of other toxic metals. Consequently, cadmium accumulated in the rice crops growing along the riverbanks downstream of the mines. The local agricultural communities consuming the contaminated rice developed Itai-itai disease and renal abnormalities, including proteinuria and glucosuria. Environmental cadmium exposure, adverse effects, and preventative measures in Japan. Nogowa et al. Biometals. 2004 Oct; 17(5):581-7. Cadmium is one of six substances banned by the European Union's ROHS (RoHS) directive, which bans carcinogens in computers.

Cadmium and several cadmium-containing compounds are known carcinogens and can induce many types of cancer 11th Report on Carcinogens provided by the National Toxicology Program.

Current research has found that cadmium toxicity may be carried into the body by zinc binding proteins; in particular, proteins that contain zinc finger protein structures. Zinc and cadmium are in the same period on the periodic table, contain the same common oxidation state (+2), and when ionized are almost the same size. Due to these similarities, cadmium can replace zinc in many biological systems, in particular, systems that contain softer ligands such as sulfur. Cadmium can bind up to ten times stronger than zinc in certain biological systems, and is notoriously difficult to remove. In addition, cadmium can replace magnesium and calcium in cetain biological systems, although, these replacements are rare.

Precautions While working with cadmium it is important to do so under a fume hood or with the use of an appropriate respirator to protect against dangerous fumes. OSHA Solutions for workplace cadmium exposure Solder, for example, which may contain cadmium, should be handled with care.

In popular fiction

References

External links

{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=106 | sym=Cd| na=1.25% | hl=[1 E19 s | dm=[double electron capture | de=- | pn=106 | ps=[palladium --> {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=107 | sym=Cd| na=[synthetic radioisotope | hl=[1 E5 s | dm=[electron capture | de=1.417 | pn=107 | ps=[silver --> {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=108 | sym=Cd| na=0.89% | hl=[1 E19 s | dm=[double electron capture | de=- | pn=108 | ps=[palladium --> {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=109 | sym=Cd| na=[synthetic radioisotope | hl=[1 E7 s | dm=[electron capture | de=0.214 | pn=109 | ps=[silver --> {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=113 | sym=Cd| na=12.22% | hl=[1 E19 s | dm=[beta decay | de=0.316 | pn=113 | ps=[indium --> {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=113nuclear isomer | sym=Cd| na=[synthetic radioisotope | hl=[1 E8 s | dm1=[beta decay | de1=0.580 | pn1=113 | ps1=[indium | dm2=[isomeric transition | de2=0.264 | pn2=113 | ps2=Cd --> {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=114 | sym=Cd| na=28.73% | hl=[1 E19 s | dm=[double beta decay | de=- | pn=114 | ps=[tin --> {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=115 | sym=Cd| na=[synthetic radioisotope | hl=[1 E5 s | dm=[beta decay | de=1.446 | pn=115 | ps=[indium -->

Cadmium (International Phonetic Alphabet: ) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. A relatively rare, soft, bluish-white, transition metal, cadmium is known to cause cancer and occurs with zinc ores. Cadmium is used largely in batteries and pigments, for example in plastic products.

Extraction Cadmium is a common impurity in zinc, and it is most often isolated during the production of zinc. Zinc sulfide ores are roasted in the presence of oxygen converting the zinc sulfide to the oxide. Zinc metal is produced either by smelting the oxide with carbon or by electrolysis in sulfuric acid. Cadmium is isolated from the zinc metal by vacuum distillation if the zinc is smelted, or cadmium sulfate is precipitated out of the electrolysis solution. Cadmium at WebElements.com

Notable characteristics Cadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, toxic, bluish-white bivalent metal. It is similar in many respects to zinc but reacts to form more complex compounds.

The most common oxidation state of cadmium is +2, though rare examples of +1 can be found.

Applications About three-quarters of cadmium is used in Battery (electricity) (especially nickel-cadmium battery batteries) and most of the remaining quarter is used mainly for Cadmium pigments, coatings and plating, and as stabilizers for plastics. Other uses include:

See also :Category:Cadmium compounds.

History Cadmium (Latin cadmia, Greek language καδμεία meaning "calamine", a Cadmium-bearing mixture of minerals, which was named after the Greek god, Κάδμος (Cadmus)) was discovery of the chemical elements in Germany in 1817 by Friedrich Strohmeyer. Strohmeyer found the new element within an impurity in zinc carbonate (calamine) and for 100 years Germany remained the only important producer of the metal. The metal was named after the Latin word for calamine since the metal was found in this zinc compound. Strohmeyer noted that some impure samples of calamine changed color when heated but pure calamine did not.

Even though cadmium and its compounds are highly toxic, the British Pharmaceutical Codex from 1907 states that cadmium iodide was used as a medicine to treat "enlarged joints, scrofulous glands, and chilblains".

In 1927, the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures redefined the metre in terms of a red cadmium spectral line (1m = 1,553,164.13 wavelengths). This definition has since been changed (see krypton).

Occurrence In 2005, China was the top producer of cadmium with almost one-sixth world share closely followed by South Korea and Japan, reports the British Geological Survey.

Cadmium-containing ores are rare and when found they occur in small quantities. Greenockite (Cdsulfur), the only cadmium mineral of importance, is nearly always associated with sphalerite (zincS). Consequently, cadmium is produced mainly as a byproduct from mining, smelting, and refining sulfide ores of zinc, and to a lesser degree, lead and copper. Small amounts of cadmium, about 10% of consumption, are produced from secondary sources, mainly from dust generated by recycling iron and steel scrap. Production in the United States began in 1907 but it was not until after World War I that cadmium came into wide use.

See also :Category:Cadmium minerals. A role of cadmium in biology has been recently discovered. A cadmium-dependent carbonic anhydrase has been found in marine diatoms. Cadmium does the same job as zinc in other anhydrases, but the diatoms live in environments with very low zinc concentrations, thus biology has taken cadmium rather than zinc, and made it work. The discovery was made using x-ray absorption fluoresence spectroscopy (XAFS), and cadmium was characterised by noting the energy of the x-rays which were absorbed.

cadmium metal vapor laser. The highly monochromatic color arises from the 441.563 nm transition spectral line of cadmium.Naturally occurring cadmium is composed of 8 isotopes. For two of them, natural radioactivity was observed, and three others are predicted to be radioactive but their decays were never observed, due to extremely long half-life times. The two natural radioactive isotopes are 113Cd (beta decay, half-life is 7.7 × 1015 years) and 116Cd (two-neutrino double beta decay, half-life is 2.9 × 1019 years). The other three are 106Cd, 108Cd (double electron capture), and 114Cd (double beta decay); only lower limits on their half-life times have been set. At least three isotopes - 110Cd, 111Cd, and 112Cd - are absolutely stable. Among the isotopes absent in the natural cadmium, the most long-lived are 109Cd with a half-life of 462.6 days, and 115Cd with a half-life of 53.46 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2.5 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 5 minutes. This element also has 8 known meta states with the most stable being 113mCd (t½ 14.1 years), 115mCd (t½ 44.6 days) and 117mCd (t½ 3.36 hours).

The known isotopes of cadmium range in atomic mass from 94.950 atomic mass unit (95Cd) to 131.946 u (132Cd). The primary decay mode before the second most abundant stable isotope, 112Cd, is electron capture and the primary modes after are beta emission and electron capture. The primary decay product before 112Cd is element 47 (silver) and the primary product after is element 49 (indium).

Toxicity Cadmium is an occupational hazard associated with industrial processes such as metal plating and the production of nickel-cadmium batteries, pigments, plastics and other synthetics. The primary route of exposure in industrial settings is inhalation. Inhalation of cadmium-containing fumes can result initially in metal fume fever but may progress to chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, and death. Principles and Methods of Toxicology (fourth edition). A. Wallace Hayes. Taylor and Francis Publishing Inc.; Philadelphia, 2001.

Cadmium is also a potential environmental hazard. Human exposures to environmental cadmium are primarily the result of the burning of fossil fuels and municipal wastes. EPA summary on cadmium However, there have been notable instances of toxicity as the result of long-term exposure to cadmium in contaminated food and water. In the decades following World War II, Japanese mining operations contaminated the Jinzu River with cadmium and traces of other toxic metals. Consequently, cadmium accumulated in the rice crops growing along the riverbanks downstream of the mines. The local agricultural communities consuming the contaminated rice developed Itai-itai disease and renal abnormalities, including proteinuria and glucosuria. Environmental cadmium exposure, adverse effects, and preventative measures in Japan. Nogowa et al. Biometals. 2004 Oct; 17(5):581-7. Cadmium is one of six substances banned by the European Union's ROHS (RoHS) directive, which bans carcinogens in computers.

Cadmium and several cadmium-containing compounds are known carcinogens and can induce many types of cancer 11th Report on Carcinogens provided by the National Toxicology Program.

Current research has found that cadmium toxicity may be carried into the body by zinc binding proteins; in particular, proteins that contain zinc finger protein structures. Zinc and cadmium are in the same period on the periodic table, contain the same common oxidation state (+2), and when ionized are almost the same size. Due to these similarities, cadmium can replace zinc in many biological systems, in particular, systems that contain softer ligands such as sulfur. Cadmium can bind up to ten times stronger than zinc in certain biological systems, and is notoriously difficult to remove. In addition, cadmium can replace magnesium and calcium in cetain biological systems, although, these replacements are rare.

Precautions While working with cadmium it is important to do so under a fume hood or with the use of an appropriate respirator to protect against dangerous fumes. OSHA Solutions for workplace cadmium exposure Solder, for example, which may contain cadmium, should be handled with care.

In popular fiction

References

External links



Cadmium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cadmium (pronounced /ˈkædmiəm/) is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. A relatively abundant (price 3.55 USD/lb as of 2-15-08), soft, bluish-white, ...

Cadmium poisoning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cadmium has no constructive purpose in the human body. It, and its compounds, are extremely toxic even in low concentrations, and will bioaccumulate in organisms and ecosystems.

Definition: cadmium from Online Medical Dictionary
The Online Medical Dictionary is a searchable dictionary of definitions from medicine, science and technology.

All the information on Cadmium
Index of the site on Cadmium. Your browser does not support frames. You can download the latest version of Netscape or Internet Explorer on the following sites

Cadmium
Cadmium analyses offered by the Trace Element and Micronutrient Unit at Glasgow Royal Infirmary, UK.

Cancer Research UK : Cigarette smoke contains 69 chemicals ...
Find out about the cancer-causing chemicals in cigarette smoke including arsenic, benzene, formaldehyde, cadmium, polonium, chromium and more.

INDG391 - Cadmium and you - working with Cadmium - are you at risk ?
INDG391 - Cadmium and you - working with Cadmium - are you at risk ?

Areas of work: CADMIUM Project
The Centre for Health Informatics and Multiprofessional Education was established in 1995, as a joint initiative of UCL and the Whittington Hospital NHS Trust. It undertakes ...

Green Battery - Rechargeable Nickel Metal Hydride & Lithium Batteries.
Domestic Nickel Cadmium rechargeable batteries (Ni-cads) & now even most 'C & D' size Nickel Metal Hydride rechargeable batteries (NiMH) are designed to under-perform.

Email:info@cadmiummultimedia.co.uk
Email:info@cadmiummultimedia.co.uk

 

Cadmium



 
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